b'YOU ARE MYTH TAKENIN THISEUROPEAN SEED SERIES ON MYTHS, FAKE NEWS, MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION, WE DIVE DEEPER INTO THE MATTER AND PUT THE SPOTLIGHT ON VARIOUS ASPECTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE TAKE A LOOK AT THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MYTH AND FAKE NEWS, AND WHAT SETS THEM APART.DEFINITIONSCOMPILED BY MARCEL BRUINSDisinformationSatireRefers to verifiably false or misleading information that is knowinglyIs defined as language, film or other works of art that use humour and intentionally created and shared for economic gain or toand exaggeration to critique people or ideas, often as a form of deliberately deceive, manipulate or inflict harm on a person,social or political commentary. Satire is an important form of social social group, organisation, or country. Fake news, synthetic media,and political criticism, using humour and wit to draw attention to including deepfakes, and hoaxes are forms of disinformation,issues in society, and when satire is first published, the viewer often among others. recognises the content as satire in part because of where and how they view it (e.g., directly from a satirical newspaper). However, as Misinformationthe content is shared and re-shared, this connection is sometimes Refers to false or misleading information that is shared unknowinglylost intentionally (or not) by the spreader, leading new viewers to and is not intended to deliberately deceive, manipulate, ormisunderstand the original meaning.inflict harm on a person, social group, organisation, or country. Importantly, the spreader does not create or fabricate the initialFake newsmisinformation content. Refers to false information that is purposefully crafted, sensational, emotionally charged, misleading or totally fabricated information Contextual deceptionthat mimics the form of mainstream news. Fake news can be wholly Refers to the use of true but not necessarily related information tofabricated or a mix of fact and fiction.frame an event, issue or individual (e.g., a headline that does not match the corresponding article), or the misrepresentation of facts toDeepfakes support ones narrative (e.g., to deliberately delete information thatAre synthetic media applications (e.g., videos or sound recordings) is essential context to understanding the original meaning). Whilethat alter a persons appearance or voice in an attempt to deceive the facts used are true (unlike disinformation) and unfabricated, theviewers or listeners that what they are seeing, or hearing is real. Like way in which they are used is disingenuous and with the intent tofake news, deepfakes can be a mixture of real and unreal elements manipulate people or cause harm. or completely fabricated. Propaganda Refers to the activity or content adopted and propagated by governments, private firms, non-profits, and individuals to manage collective attitudes, values, narratives, and opinions. WhileBased on: Lesher, M., H. Pawelec and A. Desai (2022), Disentangling propaganda can contain both true and untrue elements, it is oftenuntruths online: Creators, spreaders and how to stop them, Going Digital used to appeal to an individuals or social groups sentiments andToolkit Note, No. 23, https://goingdigital.oecd.org/data/notes/No23_emotions rather than being informative. ToolkitNote_UntruthsOnline.pdf6IEUROPEAN SEEDIEUROPEAN-SEED.COM'